Direct costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among managed care patients
Anand A Dalal1, Laura Christensen2, Fang Liu3, Aylin A Riedel31US Health Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 2Health Economics Outcomes Research, i3 Innovus, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 3Health Economics Outcomes Research, i3 Innovus, Eden Queen LP Foundation Prairie, MN, USAPurpose: To estimate patient- and episode-level direct cos